[34] Chapter Seven: Middle East and North Africa, The Military Balance, 115:1, 303-362. [3], Zarqawi finally declared allegiance to bin Laden in October 2004 (the group renamed itself to AQI), but he continually disobeyed AQ leadership throughout his tenure. "The U.S. and the Aftermath of ISIS." “What the Baghdadi Video Means.” RAND Corporation. Web. In 2012, the “Breaking Walls” campaign targeted Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's government and prioritized freeing AQI members from prison. The group’s goal of driving American and coalition forces from Iraq and preventing a Shia government takeover were appealing to the Sunni population. 28 Feb. 2016. [205], During the 2003 World Cup, Gilchrist accused Pakistani wicketkeeper Rashid Latif of making a racist remark towards him while the latter was batting in their group match. 16. [15], The Islamic State has financed itself through oil sales since the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, first stealing oil products to sell and then operating oil refineries that it had seized. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. [11] Kirdar, MJ. Al Jazeera. Kurdistan 24, September 26, 2018.; Pérez-Peña, Richard. May 2016. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalization and Political Violence, 2014. Web. The group seeks to use videos of these attacks to illustrate that it still retains influence in the ongoing war of attrition against the West. "Why Private Gulf Financing for Syria's Extremist Rebels Risks Igniting Sectarian Conflict at Home." 17 Mar. Web. For example, when the group captured Mosul, it stole the money of the Mosul Central bank. 2015. In December 2018, it was estimated that more than $400 million worth of currency and coins were transported out of former IS territory. [98] Callimachi, Rukmini, Jin Wu, and Derek Watkins. [20] Laub, Zachary, and Jonathan Masters. [2] He was an attacking left-handed batsman and record-breaking wicket-keeper, who redefined the role for the Australia national team through his aggressive batting. [41] Callimachi, Rukmini, and Ivor Prickett. Web. Conflict Armament Research, December 2016. Bin Laden and leaders of AQ directed their attacks against the “far enemy” (i.e., the United States and the West), while AQI leader Zarqawi preferred to fight the “near enemy” (i.e., secular regimes in the Middle East and Muslims who opposed the group’s views). [40] IS claimed responsibility for the bombings via a statement released on the messaging app Telegram later that day, which stated they intended to kill Shiites (32 killed, 110 wounded). He was out LBW four consecutive times in the last two Tests,[111][112] three of these to Harbhajan Singh, who took 32 wickets in the series to end Australia's run by inflicting a 2–1 series loss. [10] This goal was shared by a number of nationalist, Ba’athist, and other Islamist forces in Iraq. The Washington Post. [37][38], Gilchrist played a total of six seasons in the Indian Premier League (IPL), the major Twenty20 franchise league in India, three for Deccan Chargers and three for Kings XI Punjab. N.p., 13 Nov. 2014. [3], May 7, 2004: JTJ leader Zarqawi beheaded American civilian worker Nicholas Berg in Iraq (1 killed, 0 wounded). 24 Jan. 2010; Kirdar, MJ. “ISIS Inc.” Foreign Policy. The Guardian, 23 Feb. 2017. [76] " Statement by the President." Huffington Post, 29 Mar. 24 Nov. 2014. https://www.csis.org/analysis/al-qaeda-iraq. [106] Waugh resumed the captaincy on his return to the team for the Fourth and Fifth Tests, with the series finishing in a 5–0 whitewash. In 2015, researchers estimated that IS made $56 million from its taxation of wheat and barley crops as they were distributed across domestic markets in Iraq and Syria. Web. [37] However, IS was unable to sustain this pace for a significant period of time and attacks quickly reverted to pre-Ramadan rates shortly after the offensive concluded. Web. If no tryout dates are available, the league president will contact each free agent for either a private tryout, or a small group tryout with other free agents. [26] He explained that the defeat of the caliphate was temporary and that the Islamic State would return to the region again. N.p., 17 Aug. 2014. [23]McKernan, Bethan. [157] Publication. Web. Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, 9 Apr. [158][159], He ended the 2006–07 Ashes with a century and two fifties, totalling 229 runs at 45.80 at a strike rate of over 100 as Australia regained the Ashes with a 5–0 whitewash. [13][69] In the first final against South Africa at the Melbourne Cricket Ground Gilchrist was selected as Waugh's opening partner. Web. Web. 17-18. [32], ISIS’s relationships with different Free Syrian Army (FSA) factions varies. 24 Nov. 2014.; Hashim, Ahmed. "Suicide attack in Baghdad kills at least 38." In 2007, between $1 and $2 billion of oil products had disappeared from the Bayji oil refinery and been sold on the black market. “Isis Claims Responsibility for Sri Lanka Easter Massacre.” The Independent, April 23, 2019.; Withnall, Adam. Web. [59] “Al-Qa‘ida in Iraq (AQI) - Terrorist Groups." 17 Mar. New York Times, June 18, 2014. During the Iraq War, the Islamic State (then known as AQI) primarily targeted U.S. and coalition forces, as well as Shia civilians, Shia militias, and Sunni militias who resisted AQI’s presence. 2019. However, the group was still able to gain control of Palmyra, a historic and strategic city in Syria, and Ramadi, the capital of the Anbar province in Iraq. Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2011. [86] These groups’ territories are considered the Islamic State’s “provinces” – wilayah in the group’s parlance. Brian Fishman. IS activity has generated massive stateless populations in Iraq and Syria, consisting of foreign fighters who moved to the IS caliphate, women who married IS soldiers, and children born under IS rule. "Al Qaeda in Yemen Rebukes ISIS." [12], IS officially lost its last territory in Iraq in December 2017. Web. [3] Christina Goldbaum. This does not include information on where the group conducts major attacks or has external influences. April 2018. [36] IS relied on crops grown in its territories to sustain local populations without trading with surrounding communities or regions. 2014. [118] UNSC Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. [11] Citizens in these regions lived in constant threat of violence and faced repressive laws that forced them to adopt a strict religious lifestyle. Brian Fishman. 316. 10. Reports on the number of dead range from forty-six to over three hundred. Web. "The Islamic State: From Al-Qaeda Affiliate to Caliphate." New America: International Security. "Interview: ISIS’s Abdul Nasser Qardash." [143] Gilchrist was only sporadically required with the bat. After Baghdadi's death in October 2019, IS's An-Naba newspaper released a list of "next steps" that the group's new leadership would take in pursuit of the long-term goal of re-establishing the physical caliphate. [22], Facing pressure from Sunni Iraqis who were opposed to the large contingent of foreign fighters, AQI leader Abu Umar al-Baghdadi made a public statement that AQI was almost entirely Iraqi. [13] He made it three successive Test centuries with 121 and 162 in the first two Tests on the tour of New Zealand,[149] before ending with an unbeaten 60 in the Third Test; he totalled 343 runs at 114.33 for the series. 23, Jun. February 10, 2015. [13] The Australian selectors sought to accommodate Hayden, who had been successful as a Test opener, into the ODI team by rotating him with Gilchrist and Waugh, but this appeared to unsettle the team. Web. [20] This endeavor helped create a large fighting force for the group and give them momentum to seize territory in northern Iraq. Pg 19. The Economist. 15 Dec. 2014. "Islamic State Executed 700 People from Syrian Tribe: Monitoring Group." "Foreign Terrorist Organization: Designation of Jama'at Al-Tawhid Wa'al-Jihad and Aliases." April 2018. 18 Dec. 2014. This strategy allowed IS to maintain and expand global influence, even as the group faced the destruction of its caliphate and a contraction of regional strength. [26] Carter, Joseph A., Shiraz Maher, and Peter Neumann. 5 Feb. 2010. Fox News. Adam Craig Gilchrist AM (/ ˈ ɡ ɪ l k r ɪ s t /; born 14 November 1971) is an Australian cricket commentator and former international cricketer and captain of the Australia national cricket team. Within the days following the attack, nine of the IS operatives were killed. [13] In March 2005, the group released an explanation of its ideology which largely deviated from the beliefs of AQ leadership. “Islamic State in Iraq and Greater Syria.” The Council on Foreign Relations. 24 Nov. 2014. [15] Violence between ISIS and Al-Nusra militants had resulted in 3,000 casualties by March 2014. [13] There was disappointment for the team in the Mercantile Mutual Cup, losing the semi-final to Queensland. [24] Iraqi army troops often deserted and fled cities before ISIS even arrived. “ISIS Finances Are Strong.” New York Times, May 19, 2015. BBC News. In August 2010, he presented the Freedom Wheels program, an initiative to provide modified bikes to kids with disabilities, a cheque for $20,000. 22 Dec. 2014. He scored 126 and 50 in the 2–0 Test series clean sweep and scored fifties in both ODIs. [31] Hunt, Emily, "Zarqawi's 'Total War' on Iraqi Shiites exposes a divide among Sunni Jihadists," The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 15 Nov. 2005. The group’s relationship with the Assad regime evolved throughout the Syrian Civil War. 12 May 2015. [238] In 2013 Gilchrist joined Ricky Ponting and various other names in cricket to commentate for Channel Ten in the third series of the Big Bash League. "Top US general in the Mideast says ISIS in Iraq and Syria still long-term threat." "The U.S. and the Aftermath of ISIS." [100] Although Gilchrist's batting was modest, yielding 144 runs at 36.00,[13] Australia took a 3–0 clean sweep. The New York Times. National Counterterrorism Center, n.d. [10] Kirdar, MJ. [17] "How ISIS Works." “ISIS Finances Are Strong.” New York Times, May 19, 2015. IS implemented religious codes to emulate the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammed and his early followers. The New York Times, 2016. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on terrorism, counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism." “ISIS’ Social Contract: What the Islamic State Offers Civilians.” Foreign Affairs, January 10, 2016. Web. However, many insurgents declined AQI’s offers of cooperation and argued that the declaration of a state was illegal in Islamic law. 17 Oct. 2014. DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12096. 13 Nov. 2014. [14], AQI continued to target U.S. and coalition forces, as well as their allies and supporters. Bir al-Abedr was also targeted because many of its residents practiced Sufism, a mystical form of Islam that IS considers polytheistic and evil (311 killed, 128 wounded). He radicalized as a young man while in prison for drug possession and sexual assault. IS was known to engage in both the theft and the smuggling of oil.[16]. "ISIS Video Claims Beheadings of Egyptian Christians." Web. Victimhood videos depicted the West’s violent actions toward Muslim communities (mostly air and drone strikes) and the hypocrisy of Western foreign policy. [61] He was run out for a duck in his only other ODI on the tour. Web. Web. "ISIS Keeps Up Pressure Near Baghdad as Iraqi Troops Hesitate." 2017.; “Brussels Attacks: Zaventem and Maelbeek bombs kill many.” BBC. [26] The match ended in a thrilling draw as South Australia's last-wicket pair held on to fend off the visitors. [10], At the outset of the Syrian Civil War, AQI leader Baghdadi sent Abu Muhammad al-Julani to Syria to create a Salafi cell and carry out operations against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Many media sources have continued to refer to the group as ISIS/ISIL. “Vienna Shooting Kills Four, Injures Several in Terrorist Act.” The Wall Street Journal, November 3, 2020. As IS accumulated more territory, the creation of a bureaucracy and establishment of a functioning state became a central goal of the organization. Washington Post. [106] Some observers argue existence of such a large, stateless population will prolong IS’ influence in the region by prolonging the material suffering detainees endure and the requisite grievances such suffering generates while held in the camps. 14–25. Center for Global Policy, May 19, 2020. “US hits IS groups in Mozambique, Congo with terror sanctions.” The Associated Press, March 10, 2021; “Digital Briefing on U.S. Efforts to Combat Terrorism in Africa during COVID.” U.S. Department of State, August 4, 2020. 29 Nov. 2014; Fishman, Brian, and Joseph Felter. Saudi Arabians and Libyans were the largest foreign elements in AQI. "The Syrian Rebel Groups Pulling in Foreign Fighters." [14] While no estimates of IS’ total uptake from the use of such currencies are publicly available, U.S. investigators have uncovered schemes involving cryptocurrency purchases made by sympathizers on the group’s behalf of upwards of millions of dollars. Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2011. 29 Nov. 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR20070... [40] Kirdar, MJ. Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2011. [52][53] He played in seven matches for the side during the 2010 Twenty20 Cup, scoring 212 runs at an average of 30.28,[49][54] including a century made against Kent at Canterbury,[55] as well as captaining the county against the touring Australians in a one-day match ahead of their ODI series against England. The Long War Journal. AQAM Futures Project Case Studies Series: Al Qaeda in Iraq. 353. AQAM Futures Project Case Studies Series: Al Qaeda in Iraq. Lafayette sponsors 23 varsity sports with more than 600 student-athletes. [116] Husham al-Hashimi. Publication. 2014. Publication. 2008. [37]Jaafar, Hadi H., and Eckart H. Woertz. The New York Times. [6] Arango, Tim and Michael R. Gordon. [26] The hosts thus took the title, having scored more points in the qualifying matches. [214] On 9-December-2013, ICC announced that they had inducted Gilchrist in the prestigious ICC Hall of Fame. The group was formally established following a donation from Osama Bin Laden in 1999. "Syrian Rebels Turn on Each Other as 'big Tent' Strategy Collapses | Al Jazeera America." [41] In March 2015, Baghdadi’s acceptance of Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram drew global attention because Boko Haram was already highly active before IS gained prominence. [43] While there is evidence that the pace of foreign recruitment was slowing, Baghdadi’s declaration was not enough to convince many Iraqis to support AQI. "The Islamic State: From Al-Qaeda Affiliate to Caliphate." [82]“The Financing of the 'Islamic State' in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).” European Parliament, September 2017. [32] "Al Qaeda Splinter Group in Syria Leaves Two Provinces - Activists." 24 Nov. 2014. Yemen Times. He left a note at the scene stating that the attack was carried out in the name of IS (8 killed, 12 wounded). [13][65], At the start of the 1997–98 Australian season, Healy and captain Mark Taylor were omitted from the ODI squad as the Australian selectors opted for Gilchrist and Michael di Venuto. The diwans managed the following 14 areas: education, public services, precious resources (i.e., oil and antiquities), Da’wah activity and mosques, health, tribal outreach, public security, finances and currency, public morality (Islamic police), Islamic court (i.e., marriages and judicial matters), public relations, agriculture/environment, fatwas/recruitment, and military/defense. [17][18], In 1991, Gilchrist was selected for the Australia Young Cricketers, a national youth team that toured England and played in youth ODIs and Tests. “DOJ Alleges Bitcoin Involved in Attempted ISIS Funding.” Coindesk, December 14, 2017; Office of Public Affairs. "US Officials Uncover True Identity of New Islamic State Leader." "AQI's "Soldiers' Harvest" Campaign." [118][120] Gilchrist failed to pass 25 in the last two Tests, but it had been a productive season; he scored centuries in both of Australia's county matches. Web. [84] It was a happy ending for Gilchrist, who had struggled through the tournament, with 237 runs at 21.54. June 2019: 14,000-18,000 including both members and fighters (CJTF-OIR). The New York Times, 2016. [99], Later that year, he was handed the vice-captaincy of the Australian team in place of Shane Warne, who had been plagued by a number of off-the-field controversies, including an altercation with some teenage boys,[102] and a sex scandal with a British nurse. AQAM Futures Project Case Studies Series: Al Qaeda in Iraq. 05 Apr. BBC News. Baghdadi was a secretive figure; he did not appear in any videos until he delivered a July 2014 sermon at the An-Nuri Mosque in Mosul, wherein he declared himself Caliph. "What We Know About ISIS In Libya." [9] Below is a chronological explanation of how the group’s goals and ideology changed throughout its existence. "The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria." [6] "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011." “ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls.” New York Times, March 23, 2019. Gilchrist took six catches and was named Man of the Match in a ten wicket victory,[110] extending the world record run to 16. [3] During the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the theft and smuggling of oil also composed a large part of the group’s income. [6] Associated Press. [75], Gilchrist won a silver medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, the only time cricket has been in the Commonwealth Games. [36] Shekhani, Helbast. Web. [13], Gilchrist was in strong form ahead of the Tests, scoring 393 runs at 49.13 in the ODIs in England. 9 Dec. 2014. [80] Kakol, Kamil, and Kareem Fahim. Gilchrist was called up for the Australian One Day International (ODI) team in 1996, his debut coming against South Africa at Faridabad on 25 October 1996 as the 129th Australian ODI cap,[2][60][61] after an injury to incumbent Ian Healy. [83] However, in May 2015, IS managed to achieve a breakthrough amid mounting pressure from its enemies. 15 Dec. 2014. 24 Nov. 2014. 24 Nov. 2014. https://www.csis.org/analysis/al-qaeda-iraq. [2] "Paris Attacks: Islamic State Group 'releases Video of Attackers' - BBC News." Web. Web. [110] McKernan, Bethan. [6] Felter, Joseph, and Fishman, Brian, "Al Qaeda's foreign fighters in Iraq: A first look at the Sinjar records," Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 19 Dec. 2007. 2014. Web. “The Iraqi and AQI Roles in the Sunni Awakening.” National Defense University, Jan. 2010. The New York Times. BBC. [13][22], Due to a lack of opportunities in the dominant New South Wales outfit,[23] Gilchrist joined Western Australia at the start of the 1994–95, where he had to compete with former Test player Tim Zoehrer for the wicket-keeper's berth. "Isis founding member confirmed by spies as group's new leader." BBC News. Al-Qai'da's Foreign Fighters in Iraq. “Islamic State Claims Dayslong Attack on Mozambique Town,” VOA News, March 29, 2021, https://www.voanews.com/africa/islamic-state-claims-dayslong-attack-mozambique-town. Foreign fighters have played a significant role in the Islamic State. [25], November 24, 2017: IS-affiliated militants stormed a mosque in Bir al-Abed, Egypt and massacred hundreds of worshippers. [20] Records captured by coalition forces in October 2007 listed 700 foreign recruits who had joined AQI and its affiliate organizations August 2006 and August 2007. Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi (1999 to June 7, 2006): Zarqawi founded Jama’at al-Tawhid wa’al-Jihad (JTJ) and served as its first leader. AQI stepped in to fill this vacuum, while the onset of the Syrian Civil War provided the group ample space to grow in both size and influence. [113] His one-day form remained strong, with 172 runs at 43.00 in the ODI series in India, as Australia bounced back to win the series 3–2. [198][201] In another instance, in early 2004 in Sri Lanka, Gilchrist audibly argued with umpire Peter Manuel after batting partner Andrew Symonds was given out. [19] The group had a strong foundation of foreign fighters, particularly from Jordan, Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Kurdish regions while other militants from Ansar al-Islam joined the group as well. “The ISIS Files.” New York Times, April 4, 2018. IS initially had a strong relationship with Al Qaeda. [19] "Paris Attacks: Islamic State Group 'releases Video of Attackers' - BBC News." [45], In Iraq, IS’s strategy and tactics have shifted as the group’s power expanded and contracted. [35], April 21, 2019: Suicide bombers and gunmen attacked three hotels and three Catholic churches in coordinated attacks in Colombo, Sri Lanka. December 12, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/retreating-isis-a... http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/world/middleeast/isis-iraq-insurgents-... http://www.cfr.org/iraq/islamic-state-iraq-greater-syria/p14811, https://www.csis.org/analysis/al-qaeda-iraq, https://www.voanews.com/africa/islamic-state-claims-dayslong-attack-mozambique-town, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/alqaeda, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/islamic-state, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/iraq, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/north-africa, http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/aleppo. 26 Jan. 2010. The New York Times. “ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls.” New York Times, March 23, 2019. [42] For a more comprehensive list of attacks, please see the Major Attacks section of this profile. [37] Almohammad, Asaad. 23 Jun. Brian Fishman. He made his debut on the program in March 2008,[238] and commentates on Nine's cricket coverage during the Australian summer. "Islamic State Publicly Kills at Least 46 Sunni Opponents in Captured Iraqi City." "Baghdadi Is Back—and Vows That ISIS Will Be, Too." [113] ABC News. Web. [18] Joscelyn, Thomas. N.p., 6 Jan. 2014. Gilchrist replaced Healy for the first two ODIs in the 1997 Australian tour of South Africa, after Healy was suspended for dissent. 29 Mar. [34] Benmelech, Efraim, and Esteban F. Klor. U.S. Department of State, 15 Oct. 2004. October 22, 2014. [109] Clarke, Colin. 29 Nov. 2014. "What We Know About ISIS In Libya." [70] However, in the second final, Gilchrist struck his maiden ODI century, spearheading Australia's successful run chase at the Sydney Cricket Ground,[13] securing his position as an opening batsman. Gilchrist, with a batting average of 28.71 and a strike rate of nearly 90.00, and seven fielding dismissals in a seven-match series which ended 3–3 with one tie. The Guardian. [17] Between August 2006 and 2007, foreign fighters were responsible for three-quarters of suicide bombings in Iraq. "C.I.A. [18] McCarthy, N. “How Does ISIS Fund Itself?” Statista. The MCC stated that Gilchrist had not acted against the laws or the spirit of the game, since there is no restriction against the external or internal form of batting gloves. [29] Chapter Seven: Middle East and North Africa, The Military Balance, 115:1, 303-362. Web. UN Refugee Organization. Rep. Ed. 11 Nov. 2014. [5] Lahoud, Nelly. It enforced its interpretation of Shariah law in areas under its control and changed its name to the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). 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