Heinrich Giovanni April. ... Age: The average age is 50 years (compared to the average of 40 years). Sir John Somers, William Cowper, (Sir) Simon Harcourt, Peter King, and Sir Thomas Parker all made the ascent to the greatest legal office in the land, that of Lord Chancellor, from beginnings on the back benches. Once again, the percentage for each Parliament was higher than the overall figure, and, just as with the ‘moneyed interest’, a peak was reached in the first Parliament of 1701, followed by a modest but persistent decline. Yet even when a minor stood as a candidate in a contested election it was rare for his age to be raised as an objection against him. James Murray, pushed through not only a Toleration Act, but further legislation to restore to lay patrons their rights of appointment to church livings, and also to restore the traditional ‘Yule vacance’ (Christmas holiday). In all 24 Members pursued academic advancement as far as a college fellowship, their numbers divided between the two ancient English universities, though only Isaac Newton, Thomas Paske, and (until he abandoned lecturing in Greek at Christ Church, Oxford, for a brief career as an army bureaucrat) Henry Watkins, viewed their university employment as a professional vocation. Finally, we come to the country gentlemen who mined their land, or allowed it to be mined, for coal, lead, tin, and precious metals, or drew income from their ownership of saltpans. The Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago is the legislative branch of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. At its core were the bankers, financiers, stock-jobbers and speculators who handled money rather than goods. Nor does the practice seem to have diminished greatly as a result of the wars against Louis XIV, which only required a change of route, taking the traveller into Italy via the Low Countries and Germany rather than through France. This excludes the Hon. On the other hand, we have classified as the descendant of a ‘landed’ family any Member whose father had made a successful professional or business career (the profits of which may have allowed him to purchase land) but was himself the younger son of a landed proprietor and can thus be said to have originated in the milieu of the landed gentry; or who combined a profession and landownership in the manner of some successful lawyers and parsons. Some lawyer-MPs were privately employed by great landowners or landowning families. The Duke of Argyll certainly rivalled Marlborough in ambition and self-regard, if not in ability, and acted as a magnet to those who felt themselves excluded from the privileged clique surrounding the Churchills. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this category includes specifically members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title. The Title Member of Parliament(MP) refers to the Members of Parliament of South Korea. Most MPs are 50-59 The lowest average age at a general election was 49.3 years in 1997, while the highest average age was at the 2005 general election (51.2). Other industries represented included copper-smelting (Joseph Herne, Sir John Lowther, 2nd Bt. A few generals and field officers had risen from comparative obscurity, most obviously the Irish trio of William Cadogan, Thomas Meredyth and Francis Palmes, but it was still landed obscurity. Members of parliament seem to tend to form parliamentary groups (also called parliamentary parties) with members of the same political party. Nearly 100 parliamentary chambers in 76 countries responded to the survey in 2014. Attendance at a particular school has been established in 352 of the biographies. ‘New money’ did not find the doors of Parliament barred, but the scales were still weighed against it. In addition Alexander Murray of Stanhope was said to have been educated ‘at a foreign university’, but the location is not specified. In the next generation Henry St. John II was not only denounced as a libertine but a sceptic, who came ultimately to profess in private a kind of deist religion, ‘a harmless rationalism, a belief in a Supreme Being, based on the evidence of natural law’.58 Nor was he the only freethinker in the House: Sir Thomas Pope Blount, 1st Bt., brother of the more notorious Charles, also championed reason above superstition in his collected philosophical Essays, which appeared in print in 1691;and the satirical playwright and Treasury officer Sir Robert Howard published in 1694 a History of Religion which, although primarily an anti-Catholic tract, aroused the wrath of the clergy by its advocacy of the individual’s own reason as the best guide in spiritual matters, and provoked Francis Atterbury to denounce Howard as a ‘scorner’. Who was the first female life Peer? In German a member is called Mitglied des Bundestages (Member of the Federal Diet) or officially Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages (Member of the German Federal Diet), abbreviated MdB and attached . The members of the 12 provincial Parliaments and the councils of the three Caribbean special municipalities elect the senators. These include: Member of parliament, Lok Sabha: Representative of the Indian citizens to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. Otherwise pocket boroughs were well represented, particularly in Cornwall, where Helston, Launceston, and Truro each returned one under-age Member, and Saltash two. In Japan, both houses of today's national parliament, the National Diet (Kokkai), are directly elected, and although the two chambers differ in legislative and political authority, term length and age restriction of eligibility, the members of both houses are generally equal in personal status (financial compensation, immunity, etc.). There were also William Cochrane of Kilmaronock, who in general acted for the Dukes of Hamilton; the lord of session Dougal Stewart, whose principal connexion was with Lord Bute; and, in a rather more specialized role, the young John Clerk of Penicuik, the Duke of Queensberry’s private secretary at the time of the Union negotiations. In terms of attachment to a particular constituency, lawyers and military men were not notably more promiscuous than their landed counterparts; and indeed the degree of fidelity shown by those Members involved in trade was marginally higher than the norm (possibly because this category includes a significant number of provincial merchants chosen for the towns in which they lived). Members are elected in a general elections or appointed from the national lists allocated to parties (and independent groups) in proportion to their share of the national vote at a general election. A Member of Parliament is any member of the two houses of Indian Parliament, i.e., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Thomas Trenchard’s age only became an issue after his election in 1690. The material advantages to be gained from parliamentary Membership are too well known to require cataloguing here. Shovell, for example, had originally entered the Restoration navy as a captain’s servant; Leake was the son of a master gunner (admittedly the master gunner of England); while the parentage and education of (Sir) William Gifford have defied investigation entirely. The totals and percentages (Members for England and Wales only) are: A further seven of the Members for English and Welsh constituencies had been undergraduates at Trinity College, Dublin. More unusually, John Anstis was able to find his livelihood through heraldry and genealogy, becoming in due course (in 1718) Garter king of arms, while two Members, Thomas Boucher and the Dutchman John Germain, seem to have made their fortunes as professional gamesters; indeed, when Boucher came to be buried it was reported that ‘two old women were overheard to be very witty, saying, “Why had he no [e]scutcheons? This is a list of all Senators and Members in the current Parliament arranged by date of birth. Mrs. Dalrymple Philibert was elected Speaker for the second time in September 2020. Overall, some 305 Members belonged by this definition to the legal profession (15.4%), of whom 18 were Scots (16.7% of the Scottish Membership, as compared with a figure of 14.6% for the English and Welsh Members). Three years later, a survivor of the Irish wars, the hero of the forcing of the Shannon at Athlone in 1691, General Thomas Tollemache, was mortally wounded in the spoiled landing at Brest. A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, be at least 18 years of age (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the Electoral Administration Act 2006. From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as Member of the House of Representatives, abbreviated MHR. The 102 members of the Upper House Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders) are called Senators. Contact information . Party Leader Plas C.A.M. Although the prosecution was dropped, Shippen was sufficiently alarmed to persuade his friend Lord Windsor (Thomas*) to nominate him a year later at a by-election for Bramber. In all, 95 Members succeeded to peerage titles themselves (57 English titles, 12 Scottish and 26 Irish);4 and a further 307 succeeded to baronetcies. At one end of the spectrum were the venture capitalists of the City of London, financing voyages around the world or floating massive loans to maintain public credit, and the handful of great industrialists like the iron-master Sir Ambrose Crowley, whose smelting works were said to be the most extensive in Europe. Not even the heartfelt expressions of maternal anxiety issuing from the dowager Countess of Roxburghe were enough to dissuade her son, Hon. The acceptance of an office of profit under the crown became an increasingly common cause of the exclusion of individual Members, as Parliament in this period passed a succession of specific Place Acts, targeting particular offices. The greatest success stories probably belonged to that insalubrious trio of self-made City plutocrats Sir Robert Clayton, Sir Thomas Cooke, and John Ward IV, who were, respectively, the sons of a Northamptonshire carpenter, a Lambeth hatmaker, and a Lincolnshire dyer; and that self-styled ‘wonderful child of Providence’ Sir Stephen Fox, who rose from a cottage in Wiltshire to be in his own estimation ‘the richest commoner in three kingdoms’, a lord of the Treasury, mentor (and creditor) of dukes, and the progenitor of a great political dynasty. During the 1710 Parliament Cumming and Yeaman, together with other committed Episcopalians, of whom the most prominent were Sir Alexander Areskine, 3rd Bt., (the Lord Lyon), John Carnegie of Boysack, George Lockhart of Carnwath, and Lord Stormont’s son, the Hon. The main statutes that define the order of elections, rights and duties of the People's Deputies of Ukraine are outlined in Articles 76 – 81 of the Constitution of Ukraine. But there were other gravitational forces within the army, even in Marlborough’s heyday. In the Republic of Turkey, a member of Parliament is an elected member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM), which has 600 members elected at a general election for a term of office of five years. Not surprisingly, the list of the dead also includes some casualties of war. In February this year Speaker of … The Parliament of The Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of Commonwealth of The Bahamas. ", Yanukovych signs law on open voting to elect parliamentary chairman, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_of_parliament&oldid=1020180353, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles to be merged from September 2020, Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Macedonian-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, both chambers of the national legislature (, the regional devolved legislatures of the, This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 17:00. The percentage active in trade or manufacture is much the same as the percentage for the Membership of the House of Commons as a whole in this period. Member of Parliament Birth date: Elected: Age when elected: 1. The delegates are sworn in the next day.[14]. NCOP delegates are elected by the nine provincial legislatures on the day when they reconvene, usually the same day as the National Assembly. The experience of sitting in the House of Commons gave the finishing touches to the education of a gentleman; indeed, one observer described it simply as ‘the school’.68 The sons of the aristocracy expected to be elected to Parliament, even if, in due course they would assume their inherited place in the Upper House. Others may be described as casualties of peace: Sir David Ramsay, the Scottish baronet, ‘fell from his horse and so bruised himself that he immediately died’, and a similar fate may have befallen the Cornish MP James Buller. The eagerness of Sir Charles Barrington, 5th Bt., to enter Parliament in 1694 may have been owing to a wish to safeguard the passage during the current session of a bill enabling him to settle a jointure on his first wife. Close by, in the paymaster-general’s office, nestled another MP, Fox’s protégé Edward Pauncefort; while the secretaries of state were served by no less than seven clerks or under-secretaries who sat in Parliament: Joseph Addison, William Blathwayt and his nephew John Povey, John Ellis, Thomas Hopkins, Erasmus Lewis, John Pulteney and Robert Yard. Rumour valued the deceased Samuel Shepheard I’s estate at £800,000, that of Gregory Page at anywhere between £500,000 and £800,000, (Sir) Gilbert Heathcote at between £400,000 and £700,000, Sir James Bateman at £400,000, and ‘Diamond’ Pitt (Thomas I) at £300,000. The proportions remain much the same when we exclude those landed gentlemen whose sole `business’ interest was in mining: Taken Parliament by Parliament, the analysis shows no significant change over time, the positions of the parties reflecting their general standing after each election, though the numerical strength of Tory ‘businessmen’ in the last two Parliaments of Queen Anne’s reign is certainly striking. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Then came Aberdeen with nine (five at Marischal College and four at King’s), Edinburgh with four (and perhaps two more), and St. Andrews with two (the last two figures almost certainly understated, given the nature of the evidence available to the History26). The House certainly included peers’ sons and country squires with very broad acres and no hint of financial embarrassment: the great aristocratic families like the Berties, Cavendishes, Cecils, Comptons, Finches, Saviles, and Seymours; and substantial squires like the Curzons of Kedleston in Derbyshire, the Kynastons of Hordley in Shorpshire, the Nortons of Southwick in Hampshire, the Portmans of Orchard Portman in Somerset, and two outstanding individuals, Thomas Sclater of Catley in Cambridgeshire, who died in 1736 reputedly worth £200,000, and Sir William Ellys, 2nd Bt., who lived at his newly built mansion, Nocton Hall in Lincolnshire, it was said, ‘like a prince in his palace’. At first this provision was generally observed, but as time went by it came to be frequently honoured in the breach. Even if a lawyer embarked on a parliamentary career relatively late in life, after making reputation and fortune at the bar (the attorney-general, and later lord chief justice, Sir Robert Raymond would be a prime example), he would still be more likely to remain for a considerable time in the House, where his professional expertise and oratorical talents could be displayed, unless some lucrative legal preferment supervened. Often the evidence is only partial, deriving from incomplete estate records or testamentary papers, or even entirely impressionistic, being based on nothing more than the conjectures of admiring or resentful contemporaries. When a Landed Qualification Act was eventually passed, in 1712, it exposed very few landless Members.5 However, the gradations of social status, extent of wealth and income, and balance between real and personal estate, often elude precise definition. Thus the Tory victories in the general elections of 1710 and 1713 naturally resulted in the return of fewer army and naval officers. Of these, at least 11 (and possibly 12) were also admitted to an inn of chancery, while in addition Lawrence Carter I as a member of Clement’s Inn but was never entered at an inn of court. 23 March 1866 about 23 years. The members of the Nationalrat are called Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat. As of 2018, Lok Sabha has 545 seats, of which 543 members are elected popularly by single-member constituencies via first past the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 8 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. Nombuyiselo Gladys Adoons. This was the highest ever number and proportion. The percentage remained remarkably constant from Parliament to Parliament, as the following table indicates. Only 61 of the Members marrying into the ‘elite’ could not claim a landowning pedigree. All except a small minority of English and Welsh Members belonged to the Established Church. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. The last, 92nd Imperial Diet of 1946–1947 had 839 members — 466 members of the House of Representatives and 373 members of the House of Peers. While Archdale was elected in 1698 and then expelled, Waller avoided risk, and resigned his seat at Amersham. For the upper house, Senate, the term Senator is used. William Kerr (who sat for Berwick-upon-Tweed in this period), for whose fretful mother the time he spent gallivanting abroad seemed at any rate less dangerous than his favoured alternative of joining the army, only three Scottish MPs attempted a tour:29 John Bruce, son of the noted architect Sir William; the young ‘virtuoso’ John Clerk of Penicuik; and that somewhat hapless youth, John Forbes of Culloden, who, having ‘shirked’ his studies in Edinburgh, was in desperation sent into Holland for a year by his father, ‘to satisfy your own curiosity’. For other Members ill-health appears to have been a determining influence in the decision to give up their Commons seat. The Parliament of Malaysia consists of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and two houses, the Dewan Rakyat (the House of Representatives) and Dewan Negara (the Senate). A Member of the Knesset (Hebrew: חבר הכנסת) is one of the 120 members of the Knesset. The name of a deputy in Arabic is Naeb (نائب). [13] As the regulations establishing the cabinet (naikaku) and the cabinet's prime minister (naikaku sōri-daijin) were decreed before the Imperial constitution, the prime minister did not have to be a member of the Imperial Diet, but after the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, many prime ministers were appointed from the House of Peers; very few were members of the House of Representatives, viz. In Scotland the Established Church was Presbyterian, as were most of the Members of Parliament, but the number of Episcopalians was not insubstantial: 34 in all, out of 108 Scottish Members in the period 1707-15 (that is to say, those Members who sat for Scottish constituencies, together with James Johnston, George Hay (Lord Dupplin) and Hon. Again, the largest individual group were Presbyterians, a dozen in all, with a strong representation of the ‘moderate’ wing of the Presbyterian church (in this case the Abneys, Ashursts, Sir John Carew, 3rd Bt., and Richard Hampden I) which was already demonstrating conformist tendencies. Some 77 (14%) were the sons or grandsons of peers (with either English, Scottish, or Irish titles), 383 (19.3%) the sons or grandsons of baronets, and 330 (16.6%) the sons or grandsons of knights; amounting in all to 990 (that is to say 49.9%) of the Membership as a whole. For other uses, see, Representative of the voters to a parliament, It has been suggested that this article be, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. Qualifications for Membership: Article 83 lays down the qualifications for membership of the two Houses of Parliament. ), The House of Lords is a legislative chamber that is part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This website is optimised for Chrome 68, 67, Safari 11, 10, Internet Explorer 11, 10, Firefox 61, 60 and Microsoft Edge 42, 41. Businessmen, however wealthy, even the financiers to whom the government kow-towed in order to safeguard public credit, would have to wait for their sons and grandsons to ascend the highest ranks of the social order. [4], Privileges of members of Parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance.[5]. Seldom if ever is the evidence precise enough to enable us to indicate a regular mode of worship. Members of Parliament; Members of the Legislative Assembly. A further 32 Members had served in the 1685 Parliament but had not been returned to the Convention. Both of them are elected by general elections every five years. All former Presidents of the Republic are members of the Upper House for life. A breakdown of the percentage of Episcopalian members among those returned for Scottish constituencies shows a sudden and dramatic rise in 1710, which began to taper off again in 1713, as the zenith of Scottish Toryism rapidly passed. Of the barristers and advocates sitting in this period, as many as 94 held some kind of legal office. Finally two Tory Members fell in affairs of honour: Sir Cholmeley Dering, 4th Bt., was shot dead in a duel into which his own filthy temper had drawn him, and Charles Aldworth met his end at the hands of a Whig army officer with whom he had quarrelled over politics. ); glass working (Arthur Champneys, Nathaniel Herne, Thomas Neale), sugar refining (Sir Thomas Day and Sir John Knight at Bristol, William Clayton and Thomas Johnson at Liverpool), paper mills (Sir Orlando Gee, and Thomas Neale again), pottery kilns (John Lawton), and publishing (Awnsham Churchill); and several that serviced the needs of war: gunmaking (Stephen Evance) and the production of gunpowder (Morgan Randyll); and on the naval side shipbuilding (Sir Henry Johnson, with his great yards at Blackwall, and the naval architect and projector Edmund Dummer, who had started out as a master shipwright at Chatham), sailmaking (developed into a mass production at Sir Owen Buckingham’s Reading factory) and rope (John Mounsher, conveniently for the navy, at Portsmouth). Find your MP. Party Leader Dassen L.A.J.M. Allowing for 28 Members who transferred from one inn to another, and three more who were each admitted to three inns, the most popular inn was the Middle Temple, which admitted 239 Members, followed by the Inner Temple with 215, Gray’s Inn with 141, and Lincoln’s Inn with 136. However, some MPs who have held the position for a considerable period – Matthew Taylor was the Baby of the House for over ten years – have found it somewhat embarrassing, as it may suggest that they have a lack of experience, although many holders of the title have gone on to enjoy long and distinguished parliamentary careers. Among the others, Sir Owen Buckingham, the wealthy sailcloth manufacturer, came from a line of innkeepers; Nicholas Carey, another prosperous businessman, was the son of an unlicensed London physician and occasional publisher; Edmund Halsey, the great brewer, had been a ‘miller’s boy’; and John Hutton II, the archetypal lad of parts, a Dumfries-shire shepherd taken up by the local Presbyterian minister and educated until he eventually became a court physician. Especially for the Country Whigs, perhaps, ‘civic virtue’ in defence of liberty, both at home and abroad, was a guiding principle, even if occasionally diluted by ambition. This was the common language of parliamentary candidates, employed when canvassing voters, acknowledging the assistance of patrons, or explaining to friends a decision to stand for election. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The detailed proportions stand at: Members sitting in more than five Parliaments, Looking again at the three main occupational groups in the Commons (and this time including Scottish Members, except those who were chosen in 1707 but not thereafter), some interesting general trends can be discovered. At the other extreme were those Members who wore their piety on their sleeve. Five Members attended Independent congregations, including Grey Neville (after a flirtation with conventional Presbyterianism); one was a Baptist (the London brewer and East India Company director Gregory Page); and one a Quaker, albeit a late convert at the close of his parliamentary career (Edmund Waller, son of the poet and already something of an eccentric, who in December 1697, in what was to be his last session as an MP, announced his admission to the Society of Friends, ‘being convinced of the innocency and agreeableness of their principles and practices to the Holy Scriptures and the civil government’). Links to other Parliamentary Lists; Members of the 43rd Parliament Parliament – 2019-No. Anthony Ashley (3rd Earl of Shaftesbury), Robert Molesworth, and Walter Moyle (of whom his kinsman Dean Prideaux of Norwich wrote, ‘as to his religion, I believe as yet he hath some, and as the world now goes, few gentlemen really have, and I believe a libertine humour is in the bottom of it’);and, less well known to contemporaries, the parliamentary diarist Sir Richard Cocks, 2nd Bt., whose published and unpublished writings reveal a hearty contempt for ‘priestcraft’ in all its forms, and a belief in the power of the individual’s reason to discover religious truth (though in his case as applied to Scripture).59. Professor I.R. Some had the good fortune to possess extensive estates with valuable mineral resources, like the Blacketts and Wortley Montagus, whose rent rolls were enhanced by the yield from their collieries. Andrew Holness (front row, second left) is surrounded by Ministers of State and some Cabinet Ministers, following the swearing-in ceremony for Ministers of State at King’s House on September 14, 2020. The remaining 10 cannot be assigned to any particular denomination, although it is likely (given the balance between the different denominations among those whose affiliation may be satisfactorily demonstrated) that they were for the most part Presbyterians. Similar calculations relating to the parliamentary experience of the Scottish Members have more limited value, since Scotland returned representatives to only four Parliaments in this period. The decline from 1710 is, however, to be explained by an even more narrowly political factor, namely the increasingly Whig complexion of the military cohort in the Commons (that is, among the Members for English and Welsh constituencies, the more complex political allegiances that were to be found in Scotland not being reducible so easily to straightforward party designations). Contact information. Andrew Holness (front row, second left) is surrounded by Ministers of State and some Cabinet Ministers, following the swearing-in ceremony for Ministers of State at King’s House on September 14, 2020. Moreover, if we look more closely at the Members who appear by this crude yardstick to have entered the marriage market from outside society’s charmed circle, we find that in fact most hailed from landed families. Other Dissenting tutors with future MPs under their care were Ralph Button at Islington (1), Charles Morton at Newington Green (1), Thomas Triplett at Hayes (2), and John Woodhouse at Sheriffhales in Shropshire (2). Of the 126 Members for whom peerage titles were created (99 English titles, 21 Irish and 6 Scottish), no less than 112 (88.9%) already belonged to the social elite, in the minimalist terms in which we have already identified it, that is to say with a father or grandfather who himself possessed a title, or a seat in Parliament. After 1715 John Carnegie and Thomas Forster II were expelled for participating in the Fifteen, and their fellow Jacobite Lewis Pryse for refusing to swear the oaths to King George; John Aislabie as a result of his involvement in the South Sea Bubble;John Ward IV for fraud and forgery in his cheating of the young Duke of Buckingham; and Denis Bond in 1732 following a damning parliamentary report into the affair of the Charitable Corporation. Similar stories may be told of the incurably litigious Nottinghamshire gentleman, Sir Matthew Jenison; of Sir Henry Oxenden, 4th Bt., who became embroiled in a number of Chancery suits over the personal estate bequeathed to him in his uncle’s will; and of the Herefordshire squire John Prise, whose estate had been devastated as a consequence of his family’s misplaced (and unrequited) loyalty to the Stuarts, and who faced a battery of legal cases in consequence. (Note that in the following tables the Parliaments of 1705 and 1707 have been treated as one.). possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament. A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, although the term Member of Parliament of the Czech Republic is commonly referred to Deputy of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: Poslanec Parlamentu České republiky) who is member of the lower house of the Parliament, Chamber of Deputies. While the tenure of the Lok Sabha is 5 years unless dissolved earlier, the tenure of members of Rajya Sabha is for six years. and whose seat, at Conington Castle in Huntingdonshire, was in an advanced state of dilapidation; and Thomas Mansel I of Margam, who from a rent roll of £10,000 a year could find only £3,500 in disposable income, and, despite the profits of office (as comptroller of the Household), accumulated liabilities of over £16,000. 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