Storage facility is far below the requirements in rural and urban areas. They put produce for auction and bidding by the buyers. The terminal markets are located in highly populated cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore etc. In agricultural marketing buyers are merchants and mercantile agents. Besides, the chemists of the DMI are also provided in-service training. In spite of developed agricultural marketing with respect to highly sophisticated means of transport facilities, improved form of standardization and grading, advanced communication system, scientific method of storage and warehousing, the Indian agriculture is still for behind. farming systems. The State was called upon to participate in the promotion, organisation, finance and management of marketing and. Crops like jowar, pulses and maize are found to be infested with insects even before harvest. They are generally held once a week on a particular day. In pursuing this more farming systems approach, the extension system needs to Medicines are also adulterated. Training Programmes Conducted by the State Marketing Boards: Some of the State Marketing Boards are conducting courses for training of marketing personnel working in the organizations as well as in regulated markets. An Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) is a marketing board established by state governments in India to ensure farmers are safeguarded from exploitation by large retailers, as well as ensuring the farm to retail price spread does not reach excessively high levels. Besides, a short-term training course of two to four weeks duration is also organized for the nominees from the concerned departments in the area of handling, storage and grading of food grains. play as their agent and order him to purchase certain quantity within a given range of price. Exchange of experts help in gaining first-hand experience in critical areas as well as about developmental programmes of other countries. India had for the first time a record production of 202.5 million tonnes during 1998-99; the production of rice and wheat was 84.7 and 71.0 million tonnes respectively. Active participation by the Government in the co-operatives at all levels. The Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) Mysore, is a pioneering institute in India which provides training in various aspects on food science and technology including post-harvest technology of various agricultural products. Some of these courses are relevant to agricultural marketing. Coconut Development Board These fairs are very popular in Bihar, W. Bengal, UP, Orissa, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. He also advances money to the cultivators and village banias on the condition that the produce will be disposed off through him alone and hence charges a very nominal rate of interest on the money advanced. Even the good produces are subjected to customary inclusion of impurities. 11. These facilities available in ‘Central Markets’ make it possible to handle business at large scale. In haats and fairs, the farmers bring their produce as well as livestock and sell them. Immediate Cash Payment – In these types of markets the village producers get immediate payment after the sale of their produce. These markets are organized by village Panchayats who charge some rent from shopkeepers for the space occupied. It gives opportunity to cheat the producers. Emphasis on minimum price support which has benefited only rice and wheat crops at the expense of other crops, and agri-products requires a fresh policy focus so that crop diversification gains momentum. both a and b. The stagnating agri-exports from India in recent years can be traced partly to distorted domestic prices for products like rice, wheat, oil meals, tea, coffee etc. According to Thomsen – the study of agricultural marketing comprises all the operations, and the agencies conducting them, involved in the movement of farm produced foods, raw materials and their derivatives, such as textiles, from the farms to the final consumers, and the effects of such operations on farmers, middlemen and consumers. At present, there are 27 Agricultural Universities conducting on a regular basis the Under-graduate, Post-graduate and doctoral level academic courses in agriculture. Some important institutions are :-, The State Trading Corporation (STC), The Food Corporation of India (FCI), Agmarknet They are also expected to train other personnel locally. Management of co-operatives must be in the hands of trained and efficient salaried personnel who will provide professional management of co-operatives at all levels Co-operatives like any other private enterprise must have able and competent managers. 2. It includes the organization of agricultural raw materials supply to processing industries, the assessment of demand for farm inputs and raw materials, and the policy relating to the marketing of farm products and inputs. (viii) The number of intermediaries should be less so that the middlemen’s profits are reduced. For certain commodities like basmati rice, India has a niche market access in spite of competition. Development of warehousing is essential. 1. Junior level officers of the Directorate are given a short-term training in grading of important commodities like whole spices, walnuts, tobacco, etc. Therefore, it is required that wide and effective distribution channels should be used for different types of marketing, which exercise different functions in the marketing of agricultural goods. Development abounded and agriculture had to adapt. He buys his requirement usually from the wholesalers. Linking co-operative credit with farming, marketing and processing. There is lack of standard weights and measures. Functions 6. The National Agricultural Co-Operative Marketing Federation (NAFED), All India cotton co-operative federation limited, National dairy development board (NDDB), National oilseeds and vegetable oils development (NOVOD) board, Agricultural processed products and export development agency (APEDA), Marine products export development agency (MPEDA). Classification 4. vi. oligopoly. Therefore, to achieve both agricultural growth and to increase farm income now requires a broader extension focus, including farm management, marketing, and credit programs. Institutional credit (credit by co-operatives, commercial banks and regional rural banks) was increased from Rs.2, 550 crores in 1979-80 to Rs.5, 810 crores in 1984-85. Agribusiness Co-operative Marketing Societies They are small merchants, who move from village to village and buy the produce from cultivator's house. Raw cashewnut, nuts (almonds from USA) and pulses are among the other dominant agri imports, each of which also accounted for 5 to 10 percent of total agri- imports in recent years. Middlemen are those individuals or business concerns which specialize in performing the various marketing functions and rendering such services as are involved in the marketing of goods. The roadside market is a very simple marketing channel, from producer/farmer directly to consumer(Vegetables). Promotion of agricultural exports is important, for creating conditions for providing remunerative prices to farm products. (iii) Remote/small village farmers are dependent on other small towns/cities for sale and purchase of outputs or inputs. Since, only raw produce is marketed there arises a need for many intermediaries to operate between the producer and consumer. Distribution bridges the … Agricultural Seeding & Spraying. In this market the price locating activities operate and buyers and sellers represent the different regions or nations sometimes meet to adjust the supply and demand. The producers pay numerous and various marketing charges. They sell the surplus either in the village or in the market. Likewise other financial institutions have their own training facilities. Out of these, 6,738 are operative under Market Regulation Acts. 9. Agricultural marketing comprises marketing of food grain, commercial crops, plantation crops, horticultural produce and semi-processed products. For this purpose, on the one hand we should be seeking substantial reduction in the support given to agriculture by developed countries, on the other hand. These are regular wholesale markets and provide a permanent place for daily transaction. The quantities of agril. There are more than 22,000 such markets in India. The integrated scheme of rural credit advocated by the Rural Credit Survey Report was based on three basic principles: 1. The personnel managing agricultural marketing both in government and private at different levels have varied educational background. Adequate and cheaper transport can widen agricultural markets and offer remunerative prices also. By 1985-86 there were over 5,600 regulated markets in India. Railways do not have the facility for quick and safe transport of perishable products. Agri-exports account for about 18 per cent of total annual exports of the country. Produce so collected are either disposed off in the mandi or retained for resale in the village in the processed forms, such as rice, flour, oil etc. The objectives of these in-service training programmes are to: (i) Prepare marketing executives with sound theoretical-cum-practical knowledge for formulation of marketing development projects and evaluation thereof; (ii) Provide trained and specialized manpower for effective management of the regulated markets; (iii) Promote standardization and grading of agricultural commodities at producers’ level and expansion of grading of various agricultural/horticultural commodities and livestock products on voluntary basis for internal consumption as well as export; (iv) Improve the market intelligence and market information service; (v) Provide trained marketing manpower to the State Agricultural Marketing Departments/Boards for conducting market/marketing surveys and to enable them to carry out problem-oriented researches; (vi) Spread the benefits of marketing development programmes to the producers through training in market extension; (vii) Prepare adequate number of trainers for training junior officials of the State Agricultural Marketing Departments/Boards/Co-operatives, etc. These markets handles large scale business with large number of buyers and sellers and the facilities such as grading, transportation, information, packing, weighing, loading, etc., are available in these markets, which are required to boost the volume of trading. 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